Boosting Solid–Solid Conversion Kinetics via Electron-Pinned Interface Engineering for High-Energy-Density Li–S Batteries

Gradient-ordered catalytic microzones, running from low to high electron donation across the interface, pin electrons where the sulfur cascade needs them. The target is the solid–solid conversion step — the slow link in the Li–S mechanism, and the one usually drawn as a single arrow — with the aim of holding high energy density without trading away kinetics.